ARITHMETIC

Arithmetic

Arithmetic (from the Greek word αριθμός = number) or used to be called Compute Science is the oldest branch (or predecessor) of mathematics which studies the basic operations of numbers. By a layman, the word "arithmetic" is often considered a synonym of the Theory of Numbers, but this field is the field of Advanced Arithmetic with different levels of Basic Arithmetic. Arithmetic is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations. It involves the study of quantity, especially as the result of combining numbers.

The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate conception of addition and subtraction, the best-known being the Ishango bone from central Africa, dating from somewhere between 20,000 and 18,000 BC although its interpretation is disputed. The earliest written records indicate the Egyptians and Babylonians used all the elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC. These artifacts do not always reveal the specific process used for solving problems, but the characteristics of the particular numeral system strongly influence the complexity of the methods.

The continuous historical development of modern arithmetic starts with the Hellenistic civilization of ancient Greece, although it originated much later than the Babylonian and Egyptian examples. Prior to the works of Euclid around 300 BC, Greek studies in mathematics overlapped with philosophical and mystical beliefs. For example, Nicomachus summarized the viewpoint of the earlier Pythagorean approach to numbers and their relationships to each other in his Introduction to Arithmetic.

Greek numerals, derived from the hieratic Egyptian system, also lacked positional notation, and therefore imposed the same complexity on the basic operations of arithmetic. For example, the ancient mathematician Archimedes devoted his entire work The Sand Reckoner merely to devising a notation for a certain large integer.

The gradual development of Hindu-Arabic numerals independently devised the place-value concept and positional notation, which combined the simpler methods for computations with a decimal base and the use of a digit representing zero. This allowed the system to consistently represent both large and small integers. This approach eventually replaced all other systems. In the early 6th century AD, the Indian mathematician Aryabhata incorporated an existing version of this system in his work, and experimented with different notations. In the 7th century, Brahmagupta established the use of zero as a separate number and determined the results for multiplication, division, addition and subtraction of zero and all other numbers, except for the result of division by zero. His contemporary, the Syria bishop Severus Sebokht described the excellence of this system as "...valuable methods of calculation which surpass description". The Arabs also learned this new method and called it hesab.

Although the Codex Vigilanus described an early form of Arabic numerals (omitting zero) by 976 AD, Fibonacci was primarily responsible for spreading their use throughout Europe after the publication of his book Liber Abaci in 1202. He considered the significance of this "new" representation of numbers, which he styled the "Method of the Indians" (Latin Modus Indorum), so fundamental that all related mathematical foundations, including the results of Pythagoras and the algorism describing the methods for performing actual calculations, were "almost a mistake" in comparison.

In the Middle Ages, arithmetic was one of the seven liberal arts taught in universities. The flourishing of algebra in the medieval Islamic world and in Renaissance Europe was an outgrowth of the enormous simplification of computation through decimal notation. Various types of tools exist to assist in numeric calculations. Examples include slide rules (for multiplication, division, and trigonometry) and nomographs in addition to the electrical calculator.

Arithmetic also the basic arithmetic that is part of mathematics. Basic arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Addition is the basic operation of arithmetic in its simplest form addition combines two numbers, the addends or terms into a single number the sum of the numbers. The addition of more than two numbers can be viewed as repeated addition operation, the procedure is known as the sum total (summation), which also includes the addition of line numbers infinitely large (infinite). Subtraction is the opposite of addition. Subtraction finds the difference between two numbers, the minuend minus the subtrahend. If the minuend is larger than the subtrahend the difference is positive, if the minuend is smaller than the subtrahend the difference is negative, if they are equal the difference is zero, subtraction is neither commutative nor associative. Multiplication is the second basic operation of arithmetic. Multiplication also combines two numbers into a single number, the product. The two original numbers are called the multiplier and the multiplicand, sometimes both simply called factors. Division is essentially the opposite of multiplication. Division finds the quotient of two numbers, the dividend divided by the divisor. Any dividend divided by zero is undefined. if the results for more than one, the mean value of A is greater than the value of B, hem Results For equal to one, then the mean value of A is equal to the value of B, and her last when results are less than one then the value of A is less than a B. actually the calculation of the arithmetic operation performed by a sequence that determines which arithmetic operations performed first.

The term arithmetic also refers to number theory. This includes the properties of integers related to primality, divisibility, and the solution of equations in integers, as well as modern research that is an outgrowth of this study. It is in this context that one runs across the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and arithmetic functions. A Course in Arithmetic by Jean-Pierre Serre reflects this usage, as do such phrases as first order arithmetic or arithmetical algebraic geometry. Number theory is also referred to as the higher arithmetic, as in the title of Harold Davenport's book on the subject. Arithmetic natural numbers, integers, rational numbers and real numbers are generally learned by school children, who study the manual arithmetic algorithms. However, many people prefer to use tools such as calculators, computers, or abacus to perform arithmetic calculations.

Social Learning Arithmetic (Mathematics), Social Arithmetic subchapter of discussing mathematics and loss for a business or the operators in mathematics, such as Addition, subtraction multiplication, and on Social Learning Arithmetic are studied purchase price, sales price, profit and loss.

In the daily life we ​​often come across or conducting sale and purchase or trade. In trading there is a seller and buyer. If we want to get the things we want then we have to do an exchange to get it. For example the seller deliver the goods to the buyer as a buyer instead give money in lieu of goods to the seller. A merchant bought goods from factories to be sold on the market. Prices of goods from the factory is called capital or the purchase price while the price of the sale of goods is called the sales price. In the frequent trading of traders has two possible profit and loss.

Sellers are considered lucky if  the sale price is greater than the purchase price of premises formulation:

            Lucky = selling price - purchase price

sellers are considered loss if the sale price is lower than the purchase price with the formulation:

Loss = purchase price - selling price

it has been argued that the large gains or losses can be calculated if the sale price and purchase price are known, large gains are formulated:

Profit = selling price - buying price

then the two formulas can be derived as follows:

1. The selling price of the purchase price = Lucky

2. The purchase price = selling price - the price of profit

large losses are formulated:

Loss = purchase price - selling price

then the formula can be derived:

1. The purchase price = selling price + Loss

2. The Selling price   = purchase price – Loss

From the description above we can see that arithmetic is very usefully for most people activity in the daily life.

Through the study of mental arithmetic (a term in which arithmetic operations performed using the mind without using any tools) will give many benefits to the child including, improving numeric skills more quickly above the average child, ability to count more quickly and precisely, balancing the left and right brain usage and optimize it to achieve the level of analytical thinking and logical thinking is right, trained the powering think and concentration, helping the child to mastering other subjects, develop the imagination so that developing children's creativity, familiarize yourself with the numbers, and make the child no longer allergic to the exact sciences lessons.